Melatonin reduces lung injury in type 1 diabetic mice by the modulation of autophagy.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the role of autophagy has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of diabetes and inflammatory lung diseases. In this study, using a diabetic model of mice, we investigated the expression of autophagy-related genes in the lung tissues following melatonin administration. RESULTS: Data showed histopathological remodeling in lung tissues of the D group coincided with an elevated level of IL-6, Becline-1, LC3, and P62 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). After melatonin treatment, histopathological remodeling was improved D + Mel group. In addition, expression levels of IL-6, Becline-1, LC3, and P62 were decreased in D + Mel compared to D group (P < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were not obtained between Mel group and C group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that melatonin injection can be effective in the amelioration of lung injury in diabetic mice presumably by modulating autophagy-related genes.

Efficacy of Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to systematically review the current literature on the effects of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on multiple sclerosis-induced neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception to September 2022. Metaanalysis was carried out using the comprehensive meta-analysis tool. RESULTS: Our inclusion criteria were met by 12 studies evaluating the effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation/transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on multiple sclerosis-induced neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Comparing the postintervention results to the baseline showed that the rate of frequency was decreased in both percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation groups after intervention. The overall mean change of tibial nerve stimulation on frequency was -2.623 (95% CI: -3.58, -1.66; P < .001, I 2 : 87.04) among 6 eligible studies. The post-void residual was decreased after treatment in both methods of tibial nerve stimulation, with an overall mean difference of -31.13 mL (95% CI: -50.62, -11.63; P=.002, I 2 : 71.81). The other urinary parameters, including urgency (mean difference: -4.69; 95% CI: -7.64, -1.74; P < .001, I 2 : 92.16), maximum cystometric capacity (mean difference: 70.95; 95% CI: 44.69, 97.21; P < .001, I 2 : 89.04), and nocturia (mean difference: -1.41; 95% CI: -2.22, 0.60; P < .001, I 2 : 95.15), were improved after intervention, too. However, the results of subgroup analysis showed no effect of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on urinary incontinence (mean difference: -2.00; 95% CI: -4.06, 0.06; P=.057, I 2 : 95.22) and nocturia (mean difference: -0.39; 95% CI: -1.15, 0.37; P=.315, I 2 : 84.01). In terms of mean voided volume, the evidence was related to only percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation with a mean change of 75.01 mL (95% CI: -39.40, 110.61; P < .001, I 2 : 85.04). CONCLUSION: Although the current literature suggests that tibial nerve electrostimulation might be an effective method for treating neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, the evidence base is poor and derived from small, mostly nonrandomized trials with a high risk of bias and confounding.

The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in Parkinson's disease treatment.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most predominant neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is recognized clinically by severe complications in motor function caused by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) and dopamine depletion. As the current standard of treatment is focused on alleviating symptoms through Levodopa, developing neuroprotective techniques is critical for adopting a more pathology-oriented therapeutic approach. Regenerative cell therapy has provided us with an unrivalled platform for evaluating potentially effective novel methods for treating neurodegenerative illnesses over the last two decades. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are most promising, as they can differentiate into dopaminergic neurons and produce neurotrophic substances. The precise process by which stem cells repair neuronal injury is unknown, and MSC-derived exosomes are suggested to be responsible for a significant portion of such effects. The present review discusses the application of mesenchymal stem cells and MSC-derived exosomes in PD treatment.